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Research Proposal
By Glenn Kreisberg
Propagation Prediction Modeling and Analysis for Far Field Strength and Power Density of Electromagnetic Emissions from Nearby Stellar Objects
The goal of this effort is to ultimately have a robust, efficient, readable, and stable numerical code for predicting, modeling and analyzing near stellar objects EM emissions.
If we consider stars and other stellar objects as immense transmitters of EM energy (which they are) then is should be possible, using properly designed electronic equipment and software programming to produce a method of modeling and predicting the far field strength, power density and “footprint” pattern, of the stellar EM emitting objects down to minute values. Gathering and using actual current measurement values as a form of model tuning should allow for greater accuracy and less standard deviation in prediction modeling results.  By plotting the generated data results, theoretical 3D visual and graphical images can be produced depicting modeled propagation prediction values of stellar objects EM emissions. This will allow for analysis of field convergence and divergence within an isotropic model and permit the factoring of variables within the model to be analyzed and corrected and eventually confirmed and verified.
Incorporating knowledge gained from previous similar efforts (Faraday's Dielectric "No Winds" Carrier of EM Fields and Radiations, Its Mathematical Formulation by Maxwell and Unfortunate Defile) as well as one-dimensional numerical studies, this proposal will be built from the ground up within the architecture of the Marconi Planet 4.2 software application, with particular attention paid to the software engineering aspects of code development. This proposal presents an overview of the project, focusing on the innovative aspects of the project as well as its current development status.
Background:
flux
A measure of the amount of energy given off by an astronomical object over a fixed amount of time and area. Because the energy is measured per time and area, flux measurements make it easy for astronomers to compare the relative energy output of objects with very different sizes or ages.
This proposal would address actual energy output as opposed to comparative or relative values.
Faraday's Dielectric "No Winds" Carrier of EM Fields and Radiations, Its Mathematical Formulation by Maxwell and Unfortunate Defile
Menahem Simhony (Hebrew U. , Retired Associate Professor)
Faraday's dielectric ether (1840) consisted of yet unidentified, discrete '+' and '-' charged particles, elastically bound to one another by EM forces. Bodies move in this ether through the "giving in" distances between the elastically bound ether particles that slide apart in front of the approaching body and convene behind it. These elastic vibrations of the charged ether particles result in EM waves in the ether, not in any "ether winds" that need high energies to tear ether particles off bonds. The Doppler Effect (1842) e.g., could not occur if the motion of the emitter would cause ether winds instead of adding or deducing EM waves to the emitted waves, thus changing the frequency of the received waves. Because of the false belief that motion must create ether winds, the Doppler Effect was bitterly opposed till 1868, when W.Huggins observed it in starlight. The Doppler Effect became since one of the most useful discoveries, but the false belief in ether winds remained, Faraday's dielectric ether and its Maxwell Equations were disregarded, and the Michelson-Morley 1887 verdict was that the emitter of light does not make ether winds, hence there is no ether, no material carrier of light whatsoever. This verdict made physics unable to physically explain its phenomena.
In quasi-stellar objects the redshifts of the spectral lines are generally different in emission and absorption. It has been proposed that quasi-stellar objects which are at cosmological distances have a small contribution to their emission redshift due to their gravitational field (gravitational emission redshift=0.01 to 0.04). The absorption takes place in clouds of gases moving under the influence of this gravitational field. Different possible types of motions have been considered for these clouds. It has been assumed that at the time of absorption the velocity of a cloud of gas is comparable to the velocity required for the Doppler width of the absorption lines. (M C Durgapal 1974 J. Phys. A: Math. Nucl. Gen. 7 2236-2247) Stars within 12 light-years of the Sun (based on Hipparcos data)
Star Distance (light-years) Visual magnitude Absolute magnitude Spectral type | Star | Distance (light-years) | Visual magnitude | Absolute magnitude | Spectral type | Proxima Centauri
| 4.22 | 11.01 | 15.45 | M5V | Alpha Centauri A
| 4.40 | -0.01 | 4.34 | G2V
| Alpha Centauri B
| 4.40 | 1.35 | 5.70 | K0V
| Barnard's Star
| 5.94 | 9.54 | 13.24 | M5V
| Wolf 359
| 7.78 | 13.45 | 16.56 | M6V
| Lalande 21185
| 8.32 | 7.49 | 10.46 | M2V
| Sirius A
| 8.60 | -1.44 | 1.45 | A1V
| Sirius B
| 8.60 | 8.44 | 11.33 | dA2
| Luyten 726-8A
| 8.73 | 12.41 | 15.27
| M5.5V | Luyten 726-8B
| 8.73 | 13.25 | 16.11 | M5.5V
| Ross 154
| 9.69 | 10.37 | 13.00 | M4.5V
| Ross 248
| 10.32 | 12.29 | 14.79 | M6V
| Epsilon Eridani
| 10.50 | 3.72 | 6.18 | K2V
| Lacaille 9352
10.73 7.35 9.76 M2V
| | | | | Ross 128
10.89 11.12 13.50 M4.5V
| | | | | Luyten 789-6 A
11.08 13.3 15.6 M5.5V
| | | | | Luyten 789-6 B
11.08 13.3 15.6 M5V
| | | | | Luyten 789-6 C
11.08 14.0 16.3 M7V
| | | | | Procyon A
11.41 0.40 2.68 F5IV
| | | | | Procyon B
11.41 10.7 13.0 dA
| | | | | 61 Cygni A
11.43 5.20 7.49 K5V
| | | | | 61 Cygni B
11.43 6.05 8.33 K7
| | | | | Struve 2398 A
11.64 8.94 11.18 M4V
| | | | | Struve 2398 B
11.64 9.70 11.97 M5V
| | | | | Groombridge 34 A
11.64 8.09 10.33 M2V
| | | | | Groombridge 34 B
11.64 11.06 13.30 M6V
| | | | | DX Cancri
11.83 14.81 17.01 M6.5V
| | | | | Epsilon Indi
11.83 4.69 6.89 K5V
| | | | | Tau Ceti
11.90 3.49 5.68 G8V
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Using Radiative Transfer Equation (IR)
i,calc = B-1 (Ri,calc)
Ri,calc = i Bi(Ts) + 'i Hi 'i(ps) cos( 0) + Bi(T(p)) (d ui/dln p) (dln p) + i ui(ps) Bi(T(p)) (d di/dln p) (dln p)
Bi(T) is the Planck function evaluated at the effective channel wavenumber.
Hi is the channel averaged solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere.
0 is the local zenith angle of the Sun.
'i is the channel averaged two path transmittance from the Sun to the surface to the satellite.
ui(p) is the atmospheric transmittance measured between p and the top of the atmosphere for channel i.
di(p) is the atmospheric transmittance between p and the surface for channel i.
Explicit retrieved parameters
i is the surface emissivity at i.
Ts is the surface temperature.
T(p) is the surface temperature profile.
i is the surface spectral reflectivity at i.
'i is the surface spectral bidirectional reflectance of solar radiation at i.
Implicit retrieved parameters ( i.e., within i and 'i).
CO2(p) is the carbon dioxide profile.
q(p) is the humidity (water) profile.
O3(p) is the ozone profile.
CO(p) is the carbon monoxide profile.
CH4(p) is the methane profile.
NO2(p) is the nitrogen dioxide profile.
The equation of radiative transfer describes the propagation of electromagnetic radiation through an atmosphere which is itself emitting radiation, absorbing radiation and scattering radiation.
The fundamental quantity which describes a field of radiation is the spectral intensity. If we think of a very small area element in the radiation field, there will be radiation energy flowing through that area element. The flow can be completely characterized by the amount of energy flowing per unit time per unit solid angle, the direction of the flow, and the wavelength interval being considered. (Polarization will be ignored for the moment).
The equation of radiative transfer simply says that as a beam of radiation travels, it loses energy to the atmosphere by absorption and gains energy by atmospheric emission, and redistributes energy by scattering.
The emission coefficient may be a function of the intensity if scattering occurs.
The absorption coefficient is the infinitesimal fraction by which the intensity is reduced as the beam travels an infinitesimal distance. It has units of 1/length and the fraction by which a beam's intensity is reduced when traveling a distance.
A particularly useful simplification of the equation of radiative transfer occurs under the conditions of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). In this situation, the atmosphere consists of massive particles which are in equilibrium with each other, and therefore have a definable temperature. The radiation field is not, however in equilibrium and is being entirely driven by the presence of the massive particles. For an atmosphere in LTE, the emission coefficient and absorption coefficient are functions of temperature and density only.
Applying the perturbative vs. non-perturbative approach to modeling stellar object propagation predictions.
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